Yield Advantage and Economic Performance of Rice–Maize, Rice–Soybean, and Maize–Soybean Intercropping in Rainfed Areas of Western Indonesia with a Wet Climate

Cereals–soybean intercropping is not well studied, despite the importance of these crops in increasing agricultural profitability and ensuring nutritional food security Southeast Asia. We compared different practices (IPs) with monocropping (MPs) for their yield economic performance by small-scale farms without mechanization. The treatments were IPs rice–maize, rice–soybean, or maize–soybean MPs rice, maize, soybean as sole crops, across three provinces rainfed areas western Indonesia a wet climate. Our results show that advantages using land equivalent ratio 44% 54% 63% to MPs. Rice yield, maize gross margin under significantly higher per cycle than MPs; provided substantially lower cost production paid workers. Compared just there additional net return gains USD 160 203 ha?1 rice–maize rice–soybean intercropping. Maize–soybean resulted an gain 153 maize. These suggest considerable potential small farmers increase yields profits